Efstration grew up in Gwinnett County, earned his Eagle Scout with a Gwinnett Boy Scout troop and graduated from Greater Atlanta Christian School. Chuck's mother was a longtime educator with Gwinnett County Public Schools, beginning her teaching career in 1973. Chuck's father worked at the Western Electric factory in Gwinnett County in the early 1970s after graduating from Georgia Tech and receiving an honorable discharge from the U.S. Army.

Chuck is a graduate of the University of Georgia's School of Public and International Affairs, where he earned his degree in three years. While an undergraduate student, Chuck worked in two legislative sessions of the Georgia General Assembly, serving as an aide to the governor's floor leader and as an aide to the Senate Public Safety Committee. Efstration went on to obtain his Juris Doctor from Mercer Law School in Macon. At Mercer, Chuck was a competition member of the moot court team and was elected by his peers as chief justice of the Honor Court.

After graduating from law school, Chuck returned to his hometown area of Dacula and worked in law enforcement as a felony prosecutor. As a Gwinnett County assistant district attorney, Efstration conducted jury and bench trials prosecuting offenses including murder, rape, armed robbery, child molestation, drug possession and sale, domestic violence, computer crimes, DUI and theft. Efstration assisted in criminal investigations, served as an instructor at the Gwinnett County Police Academy and authored several appellate briefs to the Court of Appeals of Georgia and Supreme Court of Georgia. Chuck also served as a prosecutor for Juvenile Court and the Gwinnett County Drug Court program.

Chuck has spent many years assisting conservative candidates for office. In 2009-2010, Chuck served as chairman of the Gwinnett County Republican Party. Chuck is also a former chairman of the Georgia Association of College Republicans.

Today, Chuck owns a small business law firm in the Lawrenceville area, and he has been married to his wife, Ashley Leachman Efstration, since 2014. Chuck is a Greek Orthodox Christian. He serves as an officer in the Gwinnett County Bar Association and as a volunteer coach for the Greater Atlanta Christian School mock trial team. In his free time, Chuck enjoys hiking and is an avid University of Georgia football fan.